L-2: THE ESTABLISHMENT OF COMPANY'S POWER - Class 8 CBSE - SST - HISTORY
Class 8 CBSE// SST // History
Revision through Objective type
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Lesson 2: The Establishment of Company’s Power
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1)
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The Portuguese
were the first to establish trade between India and Portugal. It was followed by the followed by the Dutch,
the British and the French, who came to India for
trade. |
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2)
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Carnatic Wars is an example of trade wars or trade
rivalry between the British and the French in India in which the British
emerged victorious. |
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3)
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The Battle of Plassey
was fought on 23rd June 1757, between
Siraj-ud-Daulah and the British East India Company. Siraj-ud-Daulah was
defeated in this battle, captured and put to death. |
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4)
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The Battle of Buxar was
fought on 22nd October 1764 among Mir Qasim of Bengal, Shuja-ud-Daula of Awadh and Mughal
Emperor Shah Alam II on one side and the
British forces on the other. The British forces won the war. |
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5)
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After the Battle of Buxar,
the Company adopted the policy of annexation and consolidation
by subduing the power of Mysore (in Anglo-Mysore Wars) and the Marathas
(in Anglo-Maratha Wars). [Annexation
= invasion, annexing the territory of others Consolidation
= combining, process of making something strong Subduing
= conquer, defeat] |
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6)
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The British further
extended their territory by following the policy of annexation.
They annexed Punjab and Sindh by this policy and captured Awadh on the
pretext of misgovernance. |
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7)
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Coverage of this chapter: Wars of East India Company to establish itself in
India ·
Mercantilism ·
Trade Wars ·
Anglo – French
Rivalry in India ·
Struggle of Indian
Rulers with British |
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8)
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Mercantilism was a profit-making
economic policy. |
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9)
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Mercantilism led to
monopoly in trade and trade wars. T/F Ans: True [More details: Mercantilism
was a profit-making economic policy. During the 16th and 17th
century, all the progressive European countries wanted to make profits
through trade. It was understood that a country could progressed if it produced
more than its consumption. Hence, the
countries started exporting more imported raw materials at cheaper rates for
profit. The race to profit lead to
monopoly in trade and trade wars. Thus, the mercantilism or profit making
policy led to monopoly in trade and trade wars.] [Q: How the
mercantilism or profit making policy led to monopoly in trade and trade wars?] |
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10) |
Leading European nations
that involved in Trade Wars in India were Holland, Portugal,
England and France. By the 17th and 18th
centuries Europeans sank each other’s ships, blocked sea routes. Later, the Portuguese,
the Dutch and the Danish were eliminated from the
trading enterprise with India. |
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11) |
Name some of the foreign
Trading Companies in India during 17th & 18th
Centuries. Ans: 1.
The
Portuguese (Portuguese
first established trade relations with India. These Trading centres came to
be known as factories. 2.
The
British East India Company
formed by the English People in 1600. 3.
The
Dutch East India Company
established by the Dutches in the year 1602. 4.
The
Danish East India company
(formed in:1616 ) 5.
The
French East India Company
(formed in 1664 ). [Danish = people of the
Denmark] |
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12) |
The Portuguese sailor,
Vasco-da-Gama, discovered the sea route to India in 1498 |
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13) |
Dutch were the people of
Holland. Main trade centres of Dutches in India were: ·
Tranquebar
in Tanjore district of Tamil Nadu; ·
Serampore in Bengal; ·
Nagapattanam in Chinsura; ·
Patna; ·
Balasore; ·
Cochin; ·
Surat;
Karaikal; ·
Kasimbazar;
and ·
Masulipatnam. |
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14) |
Main trade settlements of
Danish East India Company in India were ____ and _____. Ans: Tranquebar in
Tamil Nadu and Serampore in Bengal. The Danish East India
Company was later possessed by the British East India Company. |
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15) |
The French East India
Company established their factories in Surat, Masulipatnam, Pondicherry
(now Puducherry), Chandranagore, Mahe and Karaikal. |
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16) |
·
The
British East India Company was started by a group of wealthy merchants and
aristocrats in 1599. ·
On
31st December, 1600, there were granted a Royal
Charter from Queen Elizabeth I to have an exclusive right to trade with the
East. At Surat: ·
The
British East India Company established its first factory at Surat in 1611.
·
They
received an imperial farman in 1618 from the Mughal Emperor
Jahangir, to set up a permanent factory at Surat. At Madras (now
Chennai): ·
In
1639, the company bought a piece of land from the Chieftain in
Chandragiri and founded the city of Madras (Chennai) on the
East Coast. ·
Here
they built their first fort at Madras and named it as Fort St.
George and mad it the headquarters of English settlement at
Coromandel Coast, in India. At Bengal: ·
East
India Company arrived in Bengal in 1651 and established their
factory on the banks of river Hooghly (Hugli). At Madras (now
Chennai): ·
In
1661, Charles II the King of England, got Bombay (now Mumbai)
in dowry when he married the Portuguese princess Catherine. ·
By
1668, Bombay was transferred to the East India Company, where a
factory was established. |
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17) |
The British East India
Company bribed the Mughal officials to gain the Zamindari rights over three
villages – Sutanati, Kalikata and Gobindpur that developed the city of
Calcutta (now Kolkatta). |
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18) |
After the death of Aurangzeb,
the Mughal empire disintegrated rapidly. |
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19) |
The rivalry between
British East India Company and French East India Company led to a
long-drawn-out series of wars between the two in the eastern coastal region
(Carnatic) between 1746 and 1763. These wars were known as Carnatic
Wars. [More
details: The First Carnatic War
(1746-48) The Second Carnatic War
(1749-54) The Third Carnatic War
(1756-63)] |
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20) |
Battle of Plassey was fought on 23rd June
1757 among Siraj-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Bengal and the British East India
Company. [More
information: The illegal trade carried by the Company’s officials caused
enormous loss to the revenue of the Bengal province, however Alivardi Khan,
the then Nawab of Bengal, tried to keep a strict control over the activities
of the Company. But, after his death his grandson Siraj-ud-Daulah became the
new Nawab of Bengal. He was inexperienced. The Company took this opportunity
to interfere in the politics of Bengal, which paved the way for the Battle of
Plassey. Siraj-ud-Daula was captured in the battle and later he was
assassinated] |
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21) |
Battle of Buxar came to an
end with the Treaty of Allahabad in 1765. More
details: After the Battle of Plassey, Mir Jafar became the Nawab of Bengal.
During his tenure, the treasury of Bengal had become empty due to excessive
payments to the British. He therefore, shifted his capital from Murshidabad
to Monghyr. Then, Mir Jafar in alliance with Shuja-ud-Daulah and the Mughal
Emperor Shah Alam II fought against the British on 22nd October,
1764. The British armies under Munro gave a crushing defeat. The war came to
an end with the Treaty of Allahabad in 1765 that was signed among the Mughal
Emperor Shah Alam II, Shuja-ud-Daulah and Robert Clive of the East India
Company. |
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22) |
The Battle of Buxar proved to be a turning point in the
history of India. After the Battle of
Buxar, the British East India Company became the real masters of Bengal,
Bihar and Orissa (now Odisha). [More
information: The British, after became the political administrators with
their base in Eastern India, began to expand their influence further in Northern
and Southern India.] |
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23) |
Hyder Ali and his son, Tipu Sultan,
were the most powerful rulers of Mysore. |
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24) |
The British,
the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Marathas, formed a
Triple Alliance to crush Haider Ali and this led to the four Anglo
Mysore Wars in which the British finally emerged victorious. |
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25) |
First Anglo Mysore War – 1767-69 Second Anglo Mysore War – 1780-84 Third Anglo Mysore War – 1790-92 Fourth Anglo Mysore War – 1799 |
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26) |
First
Anglo Mysore War: ·
Marathas
first invaded Mysore,
but Haider Ali defeated Marathas; ·
Later,
Nizam of Hyderabad invaded
Mysore. ·
Hyder
Ali was skilfull to break the Triple Alliance and the Nizam became
Hyder Ali’s ally. ·
Hyder
Ali defeated British East India
Company and the Company was forced to sign a peace treaty on Haider Ali’s
terms. ·
This
war raised the prestige of Haider Ali. [Note:
events are written point-wise so that it can be easy to remember, however
while writing answer to any question, write in paragraph(s) only] |
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27) |
Second
Anglo Mysore War: ·
Hyder
Ali understood the true intension of the British because when Marathas attached Mysore
in 1771, the British did not come forward to help Haider Ali, in spite of the
defensive alliance of 1769. Also, in 1779, the British seized Mahe, a seaport
on the western coast which was a French settlement under Haider Ali from
where he received military supplies from other countries. ·
Haider
Ali attacked Carnatic
with a huge army and captured Arcot. Before the war came to an end, he
fell ill and passed away in 1784. ·
His
son, Tipu Sultan continued the war with the help of French troops. ·
Finally,
the treaty of Mangalore was signed between the arch-rivals in
1874. According to the treaty the two parties exchanged their territories and
prisoners of war. |
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28) |
Third
Anglo Mysore War: ·
Tipu
Sultan wanted to expand his kingdom and establish friendly relation with the
French. ·
The
British could not tolerate this and in turn, the British Governor General Cornwallis signed treaties with the Nizam of
Hyderabad and the Marathas to safeguard and consolidated the Company’s territories. ·
Tipu
Sultan attached the state of Travancore, an ally of the British. ·
So,
the British along with Nizam of Hyderabad and the Marathas attached Tipu
Sultan in 1790. ·
Tipu
Sultan did not get any aid from France due to the outbreak of French Revolution. ·
Tipu
Sultan was defeated
and forced to sign the Treaty of Srirangapattanam in 1792. ·
According
to this treaty, Tipu Sultan lost a huge part of his terriory which was
divided among the British, Nawab of Hyderabad and Marathas. Besides, Tipu
Sultan had to pay war indemnity and surrender his two sons as hostages. |
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29) |
Fourth
Anglo Mysore War: ·
Tipu
Sultan again raised a strong army
with the help of the French. ·
Lord Wellesley,
the then Governor General of India, forced Tipu Sultan to accept the subsidiary alliance, but he refused to do so. ·
As
a result, a bloody battle was fought between Tipu Sultan and the
British East India Company and its ally, the Nizam of Hyderabad. ·
Tipu
Sultan was killed in
the battlefield. ·
The
victory of the British over Srirangapattanam made them the undisputed ruler of the South. ·
The
new state of Mysore came under the British protectorate. A boy of old Hindu royal dynasty was made
the ruler of Mysore, who had to conclude the subsidiary treaty with the
British. |
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30) |
After the Third Battle of
Panipat, the Marathas lost their eminence, but soon, under the leadership of Mahadji
Scindhia, they regained their lost prestige. However, mutual conflict
between the Maratha chiefs gave an opportunity to the British to smash the Marathas. The conflicts or wars between the Marathas
and the British are known as the Anglo-Maratha Wars. [More
Information: First
Anglo Maratha War – 1775 -1782 The
Second Anglo Maratha War – 1803 -1805 The
Third Anglo Maratha War – 1817 - 1818 ] |
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31) |
First
Anglo Maratha War: ·
During
the period of First Anglo Maratha war, Warren
Hastings was the British Governor General of India. ·
Peshwa
Madhav Rao was the 9th
Peshwa of the Maratha Empire. He was considered as one of the greatest
Peshwas in Maratha history and during his tenure, the Maratha empire
recovered from the losses they suffered during the Third Battle of Panipat.
Madhav Rao died in the year 1772. ·
Differences
for next Peshwaship:
After the death of Madhav Rao, his brother Narayan Rao become peshwa, however
he was murdered soon (in 1773). Then, Narayan Rao’s uncle Raghunath Rao
(Raghoba) became Peshwa. However, Narayan Rao’s wife Gangabai, gave birth to
the posthumous son, Sawai Madhav Rao, who was the legal heir to the throne. Twelve Maratha chiefs known as the Baarbhai
and led by Nana Phadnavis, directed an effort to install the infant as the
new Peshwa and to rule in his name as regents. However, the British supported
Raghunath Rao. ·
Fight: All Marathas were united under the
command of the efficient General Mahadji Scindhia, who fought valiantly
against the British and Ragobha allies. The Marathas defeated them. ·
End
of War: The first
Anglo Maratha War came to an end with the Treaty of Salbai in 1782. ·
According
to this Treaty, the young Sawai Madhav Rao was recognised as the right Peshwa
and Raghunath Rao was pensioned. The
territories of the west of Yamuna were restored to Mahadji Scindhia, and
peace prevailed between the Marathas and the English for the next two
decades. |
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32) |
The
Second Anglo Maratha War: ·
After
the death of Nana Phadnavis,
the wise statesman in 1800, there was power struggle between Peshwa Baji Rao
II and Daulat Rao Scindhia on one side and Jaswant Rao Holkar on the other. ·
Holkar
defeated the combined army of Peshwa and Scindhia. ·
Peshwa
sought help from British Governor General Lord
Wellesley who brought him under
the Subsidiary Alliance. ·
Subsidiary
Alliance was not acceptable to Scindhia and Bhonsle. As a result they
declared a war against the British. They lost the war and forced to enter into
Subsidiary Alliance. ·
Holkar
also was not ready to accept the Subsidiary Alliance, as a result British
attacked him. At the same time Wellesley was recalled to England from India,
and therefore Holkar could not be fully challenged. British took some of the
territories and stationed their forces there. |
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33) |
The Third
Anglo Maratha War: ·
The
Third Anglo Maratha War was fought during the Governor Generalship of Lord Hastings. ·
Peshwa
Baji Rao II revived the Maratha Confederacy and joined hands with the Maratha
Chieftains in order to be free from the British control and regain the lost
glory of the Marathas. ·
He
raised a large army and attached the British presidency in 1817. ·
The
war lasted for two years. The British defeated Peshwa Baji Rao II and his
allies – the Maratha Chieftains, Appa Sahib and Holkar. ·
The
office of Peshwa was abolished and Peshwa Baji Rao II became the pensioner
of British and was sent to Bithur near Kanpur. ·
The
entire Maratha Kingdom was annexed into British territories in India.
The Marathas lost their last opportunity to gain political power and
influence. |
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34) |
The Subsidiary Alliance
system was introduced by Lord Wellesley in the year 1798 |
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35) |
Features of Subsidiary
Alliance: ·
The
princely state had to keep the British Resident in their state headquarters. ·
In
lieu of this, the state was provided with military assistance. ·
The
state accepting the subsidiary alliance had to bear the cost of the British
army in their state. ·
The
state accepting this alliance also had to agree neither to fight any war nor
to contact any other power without the permission of the British. ·
The
states of Hyderabad (1798), Bhonsle and Scindhia (1803), Mysore (1799),
Udaipur, Jodhpur and Jaipur (1818) were annexed under the Subsidiary
Alliance. |
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36) |
Portugal, Holland,
Britain, France and Denmark set up their trading centres in India. T/F Ans: True |
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37) |
The Portuguese were the
last to establish trade links with India. T/F Ans.: False. Because they
were the first to establish trade links with India. |
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38) |
The Dutch East India
Company was formed in 1682. T/F Ans: False. 1602 is the
correct answer. |
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39) |
Battle of Plassey was
fought on 13th June, 1763. T/F Ans: False, 23 June, 1757
is the right answer. |
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40) |
Maharaja Ranjit Singh,
popularly known as the ‘Lion of Punjab’. T/F Ans.: True [Sher-e-Punjab or Lion of Punjab] |
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41) |
Anglo
Sikh War ·
First
Anglo Sikh War: 1845 – 1846 ·
The
Second Anglo Sikh War: 1848 – 1849 |
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42) |
First
Anglo Sikh War ·
In
December 1845, the Sikh armies, under Lal and Tej Singh crossed the Satluj.
When Lord Hardinge heard thi,s he declared war against the Sikhs.
This was is known as First Anglo Sikh War. ·
The
Sikh army fought bravely but lost due to the betrayal of the commanders, Lal
Singh and Tej Singh. ·
The
Anglo Sikh war came to an end in 1846 and a Treaty was signed which made
Punjab a virtual protectorate of the British. Sikhs were made to pay war
indemnity and parts of Punjab to the British. ·
Maharani
Jindan Kaur continued
to be a regent. However she was disappointed because the British had control
over the Sikh Government and also, the Sikhs had to part with the precious
Koh-i-Noor diamond for Queen Victoria under the Threaty. Maharani Jindan Kaur
wanted to regain the glory of Lahore Darbar. For this reason, the British Resident
accused Maharani Jindan of plotting against the British and expelled her from
Punjab. She was sent to Banaras. |
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43) |
The
Second Anglo Sikh War ·
The
ill-treatment shown by the British towards Rani Jindan. Sikhs were not likely
to submit without making another attempt to regain their lost kingdom. ·
Diwan
Mul Raj, Governor of the Multan and Chattar Singh, the Governor of Hazara revolted
in which two British officers were killed. ·
Lord Dalhousie finally
declared war against the Sikh at Ramnagar, Chillianwala and Gujarat. ·
The
Sikhs fought bravely but lost in March 1849 and the whole Punjab was
annexed. |
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44) |
The First trading company
that established trade links with India: a.
The
Dutch b.
The
French c.
The
British d.
The
Portuguese Ans.: d) The Portuguese |
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45) |
The sea route to India was
discovered in: a)
1602 b)
1664 c)
1498 d)
1598 Ans.: 1498 |
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46) |
They were involved in the
Carnatic Wars with the British: a)
The
Dutch b)
The
Marathas c)
The
French d)
The
Portuguese Ans.: The French |
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47) |
The British fought the
Battle of Plassey with: a)
Mir
Jafar b)
Mir
Qasim c)
Shah
Alam d)
Siraj-ud-Daulah Ans: Siraj-ud-Daulah |
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